APPPC, 1987. Icerya purchasi Name Homonyms Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1879 Common names cottony cushion scale in language. Part 3: the soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. http://www.soihs.it. (2005). Peck S B, Heraty J, Landry B, Sinclair B J, 1998. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Watson GW; Malumphy CP, 2004. Les cochemilles de Corse (Hemiptera, Coccoidea). 38 (2), 380-386. 21:123 pp. Une surprenante infestation de la cochenille australienne Icerya purchasi Maskell en plein Paris [Hemiptera, Margarodidae]. Indian Forester, 138(2):200. http://www.indianforester.org. Introduction The cottony cushion scale was described by Maskell (1878) from specimens sent to him by Dr. Purchas from Auckland, New Zealand. 39-66, 127-158. Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (winged bean), http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm, Kollár J; Bakay L; Pástor M, 2016. Hilgardia, 41(20):631-688. Part 2. Israel Journal of Entomology, 29:261-264. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA). Bridgetown, Barbados; Caribbean Agricultural Research & Development Institute, vi + 81 pp. Female body oval-shaped and red-brown with black legs. 21. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. CABI is a registered EU trademark. In: Ambienti naturali e antitropici di Sicilia. 7 (3), 61-65. http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v7n3/en/fullpaper?bn00507032007+en DOI:10.1590/S1676-06032007000300006. Bene Gdel; Gargani E; Russo R, 2007. . An illustrated redescription of Icerya purchasi. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). Wong CY; Chen SP; Chou LH, 1999. It is considered a major pest of citrus trees (CARVALHO, et ai, 1996) and for this reason it is common to use chemical con-trol to decrease the economic threshold. Gertsson CA (2015) """Coccoidea Sverige Kollad av C_A G.xlsx"" sent to Johan Liljeblad via e … In: Van Driesche RG, ed. Bioecological and population studies of the cottony-cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Mask. NHM, 1980. Grafton-Cardwell EE. Insects of Micronesia. Photograph by Lyle J. Buss, University of Florida. Plant Protection Science. Cottony cushion scale is most frequently collected on Citrus and Pittosporum in Florida. Insects of Micronesia, Homoptera: Coccoidea. In more arid and hot inland areas, vedalia beetles are more effective. Indian Journal of Entomology, 12:39-66, 127-158. 138 (2), 200. http://www.indianforester.org. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm, Fan MZ; Guo C; Xiao HL; Hu Y, 1988. Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide. NHM, 1979. 21 (4), 175-178. Insects of Micronesia, 6:377-562. Peck SB; Heraty J; Landry B; Sinclair BJ, 1998. The cottony cushion scale. In Florida, this scale has been reported from most counties. On some Coccidae in New Zealand. Icerya purchasi Maskell is reported as established outdoors in England for the first time. Hua FengMing, Ni LiangCai, Jin MinXin, 1999. Insects of Micronesia. Figure 2. Pesticide effectiveness test of several insecticides to control Icerya purchasi endangering Liquidambar formosana. Cottony cushion scale infestation on acacia trees. Waterhouse DF, 1993. In: Ambienti naturali e antitropici di Sicilia, Italy: Università di Catania. 436 p. Gossard HA. Seasonal incidence of mealybug species on mandarin orange in Darjeeling, West Bengal. Photograph by Lyle J. Buss, University of Florida. Photograph by Division of Plant Industry. Side-effects of pesticides on selected natural enemies occurring in citrus in Spain. It has continued to be effective in controlling I. purchasi, except in areas where the indiscriminate use of insecticides has killed the predator. Icerya purchasi (Homoptera: Margarodidae) on Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae), a new host plant record for Greece. NHM, 1988. http://www.unict.it/dipartimenti/biologia_animale/webnatur/insetti/omotteri/coccoidea.htm. Journal für Kulturpflanzen. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. Watson G W, Malumphy C P, 2004. Coccoidea species in Brandenburg. At that time only one other species was known in the genus Icerya (Maskell 1878). 67 (10), 337-341. http://www.journal-kulturpflanzen.de. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 56:309-356. The genus Icerya has been poorly studied and it is possible that there are other species similar to I. purchasi living in the same geographical areas. The insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen has been found to be as effective in controlling I. purchasi (Gokkes et al., 1989). Caltagirone and Doutt (1989) suggested that these plants (with residual populations of the scale) provide permanent sources of vedalia that will disperse into new infestations of scale on citrus and bring them under control. At that time only one other species was known in the genus Icerya (Maskell 1878). Peleg BA, 1989. The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. Kollár J; Bakay L; Pástor M, 2016. This scale is apparently native to Australia and made its way to California on acacia plants around 1868 or 1869 and in about ten years was causing … Revue Française d'Entomologie. Weeden CR, Shelton AM, Li Y, Hoffman MP. Several life stages of the cottony cushion scales, Icerya purchasi Maskell, on a twig. Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae(Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of EspÃrito Santo, Brazil. (Les cochemilles de Corse (Hemiptera, Coccoidea)). NHM, 1995. Effects of field-weathered residues of insect growth regulators on some Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of economic importance as biocontrol agents. Wong CY, Chen SP, Chou LH, 1999. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Hassadeh, 69(11):2019. 130 (5), 583-584. Insects on plants in the Maldives and their management. Vedalia immediately proved highly effective in controlling I. purchasi and has subsequently been distributed to about 57 countries (Bartlett, 1978). EPPO, 2020. Rao (1951) reviewed the known species of Icerya living in the Oriental Region, and a revision of the known species in Australia is currently in progress. 1878, p. 221), and whatever diversity may exist as regards its popular name, it is now known to science as Icerya Purchasi, Maskell. Bermuda;Chile;Egypt;India;Israel;New Zealand;Peru;Sao Tome and Principe;South Australia;St Kitts Nevis;USA, Acacia baileyana; Acalypha; Citrus; Erythrina umbrosus; fruit trees; ornamental plants; roses; Tamarix, Antigua; Ascension; Australia; South Australia; Bahamas; Barbados; Bermuda; California; Cayman Islands; Chile; Cyprus; Ecuador; Egypt; Ethiopia; France; Greece; Guam; Hawaii; Hong Kong; Israel; Italy; Kenya; Madagascar; Malta; Montserrat; New Zealand; Peru; Philippines; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Republic of Georgia; Sao Tome and Principe; Senegal; South Africa; Spain; Sri Lanka; St Helena; St Kitts Nevis; Switzerland; Taiwan; Uruguay; USA; USSR; Venezuela; Yugoslavia, Acacia; Acacia baileyana; Acalypha; Casuarina; Citrus; fruit trees; orchards; ornamental plants; pigeon peas; roses; Tamarix, Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye, Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches. Injurious and beneficial insects of California. The minor families (Homoptera: Coccoidea). I. purchasi belongs to the scale insect family Monophlebidae, the giant scales. Schönfeld U, 2015. Valid Names Results Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1879 (Monophlebidae: Icerya) Nomenclatural History . Costa, bottom. If large numbers of ants attend a heavy infestation of the scale, it may be worthwhile controlling the ants to help the natural enemies bring the scale population under control quickly. Most damage occurs from the feeding of the early immature stages of the scale on the leaves, where they settle in rows along the midrib and veins, and on the smaller twigs. Washington DC, USA: Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 480:132-135. Icerya purchasi (Homoptera: Margarodidae) on Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae), a new host plant record for Greece. 267 pp. The cottony cushion scale was described by Maskell (1878) from specimens sent to him by Dr. Purchas from Auckland, New Zealand. The nursery owners, who either did not see the scales or assumed they would be of no consequence, left the packing container near a citrus tree which eventually became infested. Depending on the temperature, eggs hatch in a few days to two months. Dark whorls of setae extend from each antennal segment, except the first (Ebeling 1959). 17 (2), 105-109. NHM, 1973. ACIAR Monograph No. Coccoidea species in Brandenburg. Chinese Journal of Biological Control. Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Biological Control, 1(1):68-74, Mendel Z; Blumberg D; Ishaaya I, 1991. A remarkable infestation of the cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Maskell in central … Nymphs can be wind-blown to new locations, crawl to nearby plants, or possibly hitchhike on other animals. Rocca M, Greco N M, Mareggiani G S, 2009. Proceedings of a meeting (3-6 October, 2001), San Michele AllâAdige, Trento, Italy: Bulletin OILB SROP, 25(11):81-88. Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan: Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute. Photograph by Lyle J. Buss, University of Florida. It is of Australian origin and has invaded the Middle East in the early years of the 20th century. First record of the cottony cushion scale. (Cocciden-arten in Brandenburg.) General information about Icerya purchasi (ICERPU) Name Language; Australian bug: English: cottony cushion scale: English: fluted scale Watson G W, Ooi P A C, Girling D J, 1995. China Fruits, No.1:36-38. Evaluation of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen (Tiger) as a control agent for the California red scale and the cottony-cushion scale. 135, Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA). Cocciniglie. Guidebook to scale insects of Taiwan. Biota Neotropica, 7(3):61-65. http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v7n3/en/fullpaper?bn00507032007+en, EPPO, 2014. Gill RJ, 1993. The pest status of citrus scale insects in Israel (1984-1994). Canberra, Australia: ACIAR. Taxonomy; Ecology; Introduction; Distribution; References; The Cottony Cushion Scale is a self-fertile hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs). Icerya purchasi : adult with ovisac on Grevillea sp. At that time only one other species was known in the genus Icerya(Maskell 1878). Getu E, 1996. UK, CAB International, 1971. CABI, Undated. 480. Icerya purchasi Maskell Burmite Myanmar Burmese Amber insect fossil dinosaur age: Condition: New. Agricultural Handbook. Annual Review of Entomology, 34:1-16. A classification of the higher groups and genera of the coccid family. Icerya purchasi Maskell -- Homoptera, Margarodidae (Contacts) GO TO ALL: Bio-Control Cases . Apparently interpreting this as a request for the ladybug, the California party sent a shipment of these ladybugs and included some cottony cushion scales as food for the ladybugs. Subtropical Fruit Pests. In 1888, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) imported various natural enemies from Australia, including the vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis. Williams DJ; Watson GW, 1990. 2014 Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Soft-Bodied Insects Attacking Foliage and Fruit. Salisbury A; Booth RG, 2004. Part 2. Insecticidal soap, made from potassium salt of fatty acids, and neem oil products work in controlling scale.. How? The control of Icerya purchasi on citrus in California at the end of the 19th century by the ladybird beetle, Rodolia cardinalis, was one of the first successes of biological control (Photo 5). Rao VP, 1951. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). citrussköldlus in Swedish Bibliographic References. Williams D J, Watson G W, 1990. Effects of Oikos (a. i. Azadirachtin A) on the vedalia ladybeetle Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Part 3: the soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. Matile-Ferrero D; Legrand J; Riffet X, 1999. A new report of Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) as a pest of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Icerya is a genus of scale insects in the family Monophlebidae.It is named after physician-naturalist Dr. Edmond Icery of British Mauritius.. Hermaphroditism. The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific region. Males are rare. Icerya purchasi Maskell. 4 (1), 29-32. Exotic scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) causing severe damage to ornamental pittosporum in London. Indian Forester, 130(5):583-584. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology. Jacas Miret JA; Garcia Mari F, 2001. Hermaphroditism is extremely rare in the insect world despite the comparatively common nature of this condition in the crustaceans. Depuis 1888 les ennemis naturels de la Cochenille ont été introduits dans bien des pays avec des résultats appréciables. In: Clausen CP, ed. Wallingford, UK: CABI, Culik M P, Martins D dos S, Ventura J A, Peronti A L B G, Gullan P J, Kondo T, 2007. NHM, 1977. Taxonomic placing: Insecta, Hemimetabola, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha, Coccoidea, Monophlebidae.. Common name: Cottony-cushion scale, fluted scale.. Geographical distribution: This pest occurs wherever citrus is grown. Icerya purchasi Maskell, cottony cushion scale (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), causing damage to ornamental plants growing outdoors in London. (Proteaceae) in Australia. A detailed history of the introduction of the vedalia beetle into California, USA, is given by Caltagirone and Doutt (1989). APPPC, 1987. Matile-Ferrero D, Legrand J, Riffet X, 1999. Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History, 26(2):89-90. http://www.benhs.org.uk. Kollár J, Bakay L, Pástor M, 2016. The scale insects of California. In: Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Special Publication, 89 1-98. In the Spanish citrus industry, it is important to only use pesticides when absolutely necessary to ensure that the biological control agents of the citrus pests are not significantly injured; side-effect testing of pesticides on the control agents has been routinely carried out in Spain for many years (Jacas Miret and Garcia Mari, 2001). Wang DaoXun; Lou Zhi; Li Ping; Gao ZhiHua, 2002. The newly hatched nymphs are bright red with dark antennae and thin brown legs. This is the primary dispersal stage. IOBC-WPRS Working Group âPesticides and Beneficial Organismsâ. /. Hua FM; Ni LC; Jin MX, 1999. Benth. American Entomologist, 44(4):218-236; 34 ref. The host was kangaroo acacia and the insect was named for Dr. Purchas. Heimbach U, 2002. The older nymphs continue to feed, but migrate to the larger twigs, and finally, as adults, they settle on the larger branches and trunk. NHM, 1964. Icerya purchasi. Malumphy C, 2013. Fauna of New Zealand, No. Icerya purchasi (aka el pulgon) is a cosmopolitan plant pest that is native to Australia and possibly New Zealand and is a known pest on over 200 different plant species. 26 (2), 89-90. http://www.benhs.org.uk. Biota Neotropica. DOI:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2009.00201.x, Russo A, Longo S, Matteo G, 2003. Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 85(4):489-493; 19 ref. Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1878: Icerya purchasi (common name: cottony cushion scale) is a scale insect that feeds on more than 50 families of woody plants, most notably on Citrus and Pittosporum. Culik MP; Martins Ddos S; Ventura JA; Peronti ALBG; Gullan PJ; Kondo T, 2007. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 42(1):148-149. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2338. Its cottony egg sac and profuse honeydew production make cottony cushion scale easy to spot in the landscape. Copious honeydew excreted by the scales coats the leaves, res...             Subphylum: Uniramia,                 Class: Insecta,                     Order: Hemiptera,                         Suborder: Sternorrhyncha,                             Unknown: Coccoidea,                                 Family: Monophlebidae,                                     Genus: Icerya,                                         Species: Icerya purchasi. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 16(4):441-444. Adult C. iceryae are sensitive to heat and aridity and are most effective in regulating cottony cushion scale populations in cooler coastal areas. Icerya purchasi Maskell, cottony cushion scale (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), causing damage to ornamental plants growing outdoors in London. DOI:10.1603/022.038.0210, Rubiales D, Fernández-Aparicio M, 2009. Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), the Vedalia ladybird (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on Icerya purchasi Maskell, cottony cushion scale (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) in London gardens. Adult female cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell. Population decline of Galapagos endemic Lepidoptera on Volcan Alcedo (Isabela Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador): an effect of the introduction of the cottony cushion scale? Various nymphal stages of the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell. Hill MG, 1980. 1901. http://www.unict.it/dipartimenti/biologia_animale/webnatur/insetti/omotteri/coccoidea.htm, Schönfeld U, 2015. NHM, 1981. As the egg sac is formed the scale’s abdomen becomes more and more tilted until the scale appears to be standing on its head. 79-80. The body is partially or entirely covered with yellowish or white wax. The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. The cottony cushion scale was described by Maskell (1878) from specimens sent to him by Dr. Purchas from Auckland, New Zealand. Another natural control, the fly, Cryptochaetum iceryae, has also been used. It feeds on all stages of this scale insect. Getu E, 1996. In: Peleg BA, Bar-Zakay I, Ascher KRS, eds. Papadopoulou S; Chryssohoides C, 2012. An annotated check-list of the insects and allied terrestrial arthropods of Barbados. Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, can infest a number of woody ornamentals and certain crops ().Common hosts in California are citrus, cocculus, nandina, and pittosporum. Cottony cushion scale infestation on acacia trees. Abundance of Icerya purchasi (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) and its parasitoid Cryptochaetum iceryae (Diptera: Cryptochaetidae) in Argentina blueberry crops. Part 3: the soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 82(3):1175-1182. Careful management is necessary when using pesticides against other pests if biological control of I. purchasi is in operation, because damage to the populations of biocontrol agent can cause an outbreak of I. purchasi, as recorded in South Africa by Hattingh and Tate (1995). Proceedings of a Meeting (18-20 October, 2000), Castello de la Plana, Spain: Bulletin OILB SROP, 24(4):103-112. Morrison H. 1928. IOBC-WPRS Working Group for Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms. 11 (2), 105-110. v + 141 pp. 44 (4), 218-236. Cottony cushion scales can have 2 - 3 generations per year. http://www.unict.it/dipartimenti/biologia_animale/webnatur/insetti/omotteri/coccoidea.htm, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. The brownish adult (3 mm long) produces a white ridged cottony egg sack that is attached to her rear (6 mm long). The scale insects of California. In: Vogt H, Vinuela E, eds. PQR database. Iceryine scale insects recorded from the Orient. The cottony cushion scale is now widespread throughout the world wherever citrus is grown (Ebeling 1959). Wind dispersal of the coccid Icerya seychellarum (Margarodidae: Homoptera) on Aldabra Atoll. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London). The scale insect also infests native and other trees. The Major Arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture in Southeast Asia. In areas with extreme winters, which kill off the vedalia populations, periodic re-introduction has been necessary. 844 p. Ebeling W. 1959. The cardinal ladybird is an important predator of the Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchase Maskell, 1879 (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae), which if uncontrolled is a serious pest of citrus trees. Technical Document No. Icerya purchasi Bacteria Beauveria bassiana Biological control ABSTRACT Cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1878 (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) is an important pest that inhibits the plant growth and development by sap sucking of the plants, and causes sooty mold in more than 200 plant species, especially in citrus plantation. Bulletin de lâInstitut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie, 73:177-180. Howell JO; Beshear RJ, 1981. (Cocciden-arten in Brandenburg.). Damage is mostly caused by sap depletion; the shoots dry up, defoliation occurs and branches or whole trees may die. Rao V P, 1951. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History. Résumé. Map 51 (Revised). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. In: Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Online Database Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1878 Summary: An online database that provides taxonomic information, common names, synonyms and geographical jurisdiction of a species. In: Bernardo U, Viggiani G, Vogt H, eds. Maskell WM. Alon Hanotea, 43(6):681-686. This scale is seldom found on the fruit. Decreased tree vitality, fruit drop, and defoliation result from the feeding of this scale. Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Special Publication, 89:1-98. The antennae are six-segmented. Fan M Z, Guo C, Xiao H L, Hu Y, 1988. IAR Newsletter of Agricultural Research. Photograph by Paul M. Choate, University of Florida. Introduced insect fauna of an oceanic archipelago: the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Indian Forester. N.C. State Univ. First instar crawler of the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell. Gill RJ, 1993. Abd-Rabou S; Amin AH, 2004. Proceedings of the VII International Symposium of Scale Insect Studies, Bet Dagan, Israel, June 12-17 1994. In: The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific region. More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/. Roque-Albelo L, 2003. Papadopoulou S, Chryssohoides C, 2012. Journal of Animal Ecology, 49:939-957. Sometimes covered with white secretion. The originally infested Florida trees were destroyed, but infested trees appeared again in late 1898. Biology. Technical Series in Agricultural Biosystematics and Plant Pathology Number 2. The most conspicuous feature is the large fluted egg sac, which will frequently be two to 2.5 times longer than the body. The host was kangaroo acacia and the insect was named for Dr. Purchas. No wings. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Biological Control of Arthropods, Honolulu, Hawaii: USDA Forest Service, FHTET-03-05, 148-157. In: Technical Series in Agricultural Biosystematics and Plant Pathology, Sacramento, California, USA: California Department of Food and Agriculture. 1878. In: Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 108 (2) 147-156. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Online. New control methods used first in California and later the rest of United States led to the implementation of biological control and legislative quarantine (Ebeling 1959). Indian Journal of Entomology. On croit généralement que la Cochenille australienne,Icerya purchasi Maskell est originaire d'Australie d'où elle a été introduite dans différentes régions. 42 (1), 148-149. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2338 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2012.02535.x. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 11: 220-223. IAR Newsletter of Agricultural Research, 11(2):11. Survey and level of infestation of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) existing in Libya, with new records of their host plants. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, on kangaroo acacia [=Acacia sp. At that time only one other species was known in the genus Icerya (Maskell 1878). Horticultural Journal, 11(2):105-110.
Cottony cushion scale, a soft scale (Icerya purchasi). Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review. Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisoplip and its use in forest pest control. Good control was achieved when applied alone or with 0.5% mineral oil (Peleg, 1989). An annotated check-list of the insects and allied terrestrial arthropods of Barbados. The polyphagous Margarodidae, Icerya purchasi Maskell, is one of the most abun-dant insects found in the orchards of the Azo-res islands. The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific region. Meshram P B, Vijayaraghavan A, 2004. Early nymphal stage of the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell. Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae and its use in forest pest control. Clausen CP, 1978. 124 pp. Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1879. kingdom Animalia - animals » phylum Arthropoda - arthropods » class Insecta - insects » order Hemiptera - bugs » family Monophlebidae » genus Icerya Scientific synonyms. I. purchasi extracts significant quantities of sap from the host plant. 11 (2), 11. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Mendel Z; Blumberg D, 1991. Revue Française dâEntomologie (N.S. Insects on plants in the Maldives and their management. Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds, Chapman and Hall, London. The regulation of I. purchasi by natural enemies is one of the classic success stories in biological control. Waterhouse D F, 1993. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 108(2):147-156. Competition between the two natural enemies did not increase host survival and these studies provide strong support for the importation of multiple natural enemies. Indian Forester. Adult vedalia beetles, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), feeding on cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell. 39 (1), 95-96. Quezada JR; DeBach P, 1973. NHM, 1985. When I. purchasi established in California, USA in 1868/1869, it was apparent that it could be a major impediment to citrus production. Male has wings, but is rarely seen. Caltagirone LE; Doutt RL, 1989. Introduced insect fauna of an oceanic archipelago: the GalÃpagos Islands, Ecuador. Icerya purchasi Maskell 1879: 221. United States: widespread throughout the U.S. Worldwide: Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, New Caldonia, New Zealand, Forfolk Island, and Northern Marianas Islands. The cottony cushion scale can severely damage trees, resets, and nursery stock. vi + 81 pp. The mature females (actually hermaphrodites) have bright orange-red, yellow, or brown bodies (Ebeling 1959). Gokkes M; Eshel G; Tadmor U, 1989. This scale is apparently native to Australia and made its way to California on acacia plants around 1868 or 1869 and in about ten years was causing damage to citrus groves in southern California (Ebeling 1959). Watson GW; Ooi PAC; Girling DJ, 1995. Environmental Entomology. In: EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO. ]; collected by Dr. Purchas.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Morale1991,57). Scientific Name: Icerya purchasi Maskell (top), Dactylopius sp. The cottony cushion scale can be distinguished easily from other scale insects in Florida. Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae(Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of EspÃrito Santo, Brazil. Tao C, 1999. The minor families (Homoptera: Coccoidea). EPPO Global database. (no longer available online). Various other natural enemies have been tried against I. purchasi, but with little success. They are winged with a dark red body and dark colored antennae. BEARDSLEY jr J W, 1966. The cottony cushion scale was described by Maskell (1878) from specimens sent to him by Dr. Purchas from Auckland, New Zealand. Cottony Cushion Scale. Ants attending I. purchasi infestations to collect the sugary honeydew excreted (Getu, 1996), may defend the scales from attack by their natural enemies, so making the pest problem worse. However, numerous records on other host plants are in the Division of Plant Industry insect files. Plant Protection Science, 52(3):217-219. http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/187985.pdf. Immature stages red, covered by lemon yellow wax. Agricultural Handbook No. Bennett FD; Alam MM, 1985. Ended: Sep 20, 2020. Another growth regulator, buprofezin, gave 100% mortality of crawlers and 31% decreased egg hatch when the adults were sprayed with it (Mendel et al., 1991). Figure 6. If self-fertilization occurs only hermaphrodites are produced; however, when a hermaphrodite mates with a male, more males and hermaphrodites are produced (Ebeling 1959).