(New York: Eaton and Mains, 1907), 234; W. Sidney Allen. Jannaris quotes the story of Voss, a Dutch scholar (1577-1649), as to how Erasmus heard some learned Greeks pronounced Greek in a very different way from the Byzantine custom. One should also note the Spanish scholar Antonio de Nebrija, whom Bywater goes to great lengths to credit as the first known philologist to raise the question of the correct pronunciation of ancient Greek (Bywater, Erasmian, 13–22; cf. Egger, L’ hellénisme en France, 452; Gennadius, “Erasmus” 87–97; Faulkner, Erasmus, 233–234. (Cambridge: Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1818), 21–22. Erasmian NT Recordings: Although it only has selected readings from the New Testament, Readings in the Greek New Testament by Jonathan T. Pennington offers a good cross-section of the NT, and will allow you to hear larger portions of scripture outside of just vocabulary words in an Erasmian pronunciation. See also Constantine R. Campbell, Advances in the Study of Greek (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2015), 192–196; Zachariou, Reading, § 4.9. This article shows that the so-called “Erasmian” pronunciation of Greek at large today is not only un-Greek, but also un-Erasmian, for it has little to do with Erasmus and contradicts his example and counsel. This textbook provides two choices. Antonios N. Jannaris, An Historical Greek Grammar (London: Macmillan, 1897), 32, n. 1 (following the lead of Gennadius, “Erasmus” 87–97). , ed. "zebra") = dz or zd q = th (as th in Eng. Any discussion of the relative merits of using ancient or modern pronunciations of Greek should acknowledge that, at least in English-speaking countries, the widely used pronunciations of φ θ χ are purely conventional and not based on ancient phonology. Let me just say that first. It appears that Erasmian pronunciation is a little bit different, but I don't know in regard to what. 1271–1277. Gennadius takes an excessively dim view of Erasmus, however, maintaining that Erasmus was hedging his bets in writing the Dialogue. Terms and Conditions  |  Privacy Statement  |  Accessibility. γχ as the ng in sing + χ (guttural h ), examples being the Greek word εγχειρίδιον, which is pronounced æng-hee-REE-dee-on, or ἐγχώριον pronounced æng-HOH-ri-ohn. Gennadius argues that Erasmus was utterly unqualified to comment on the matter, but wanting to play the scholar and appear the inventor of the matter, he wrote it up as a fable so that, if it proved reliable, he could take the credit, but if it proved fallacious, he could claim that it was nothing more than a literary squib. CWE 26:354–355). Ibid., 8–10; Bateman ventures that there may be some substance to the story reported by Vossius which, unlike its customary positive reception, at least implies some measure of scepticism towards the report (see John J. Bateman, “The Development of Erasmus’ Views on the Correct Pronunciation of Latin and Greek” in Classical Studies Presented to Ben Edwin Perry, ed. With the publication of Pronunciation of Ancient Greek, Blass entered into a debate that continues to this day: what is the correct historical pronunciation of Ancient Greek. The following translation is taken from Gennadius (note 13 above) 88–89; cf. American variety of the Erasmian pronunciation; In this variety Modern Greek pronunciation is applied in the following cases: – θ, which can be pronounced [θ], but also as [t h] One should also note the Spanish scholar Antonio de Nebrija, whom Bywater goes to great lengths to credit as the first known philologist to raise the question of the correct pronunciation of ancient Greek (Bywater, Erasmian, 13–22; cf. The article is reprinted and expanded in his monograph on The Development of Greek, 339–396. δέλτα, ΔΕΛΤΑ) not like d, but like the th in this (not the hard th as in theory ). Burton A. Milligan, John R. Frey, and Philip Kolb (Urbana/Chicago/London; University of Illinois Press, 1969), 56). (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 143. Gennadius takes an excessively dim view of Erasmus, however, maintaining that Erasmus was hedging his bets in writing the, . See also Constantine R. Campbell. Summaries of the reconstructed sound systems of Greek at several stages of its history can be found in Ancient Greek (on classical Attic Greek), Koine Greek, and Greek language. Gennadius, “Erasmus” 89–91; see also Egger, L’ Hellénisme en France, 452; Pickering, Essay, 19–25. Allen’s, , for example, is typically treated as the definitive guide to ancient Attic pronunciation, although, like Erasmus’ reconstruction, it is far from certain (see Zachariou’s. Erasmian Pronunciation refers both to the specific ideas proposed by Erasmus (among others) in the 16th century for reforming the pronunciation of Ancient Greek (and Latin), as well as to the later adaptations of his conclusions, which modern linguistics broadly confirms, although modern pronunciation of Ancient Greek differs widely in practice. “By building upon the latest research and compiling the pertinent evidence, Zachariou argues cogently for the antiquity of the “Modern” Greek pronunciation, and convincingly shows what a hazardous travesty it is to replace this historical pronunciation with an ‘Erasmian’ one. Lately, however, some scholar reference books devote some space to the explanation of reconstructed Ancient Greek phonology. The claim is repeated in his popular-level eBook Do You Understand What You Are Reading? We’ve hand tagged every lemma, its location in the Greek New Testament, and audio of its pronunciation. , 3rd Ed. My guess is that more people would find my recording comprehensible if I use Erasmian… Erasmus’ Fable and the “Correct” Pronunciation of Greek, “The Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in Modern Times”, A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, L’ Hellénisme en France: leçons sur l’ influence des études grecques dans le développement de la langue et de la littérature françaises. P.S. The claim is repeated in his popular-level eBook. The Nicene Creed Modern Greek Pronunciation - Duration: ... Matthew 5 Erasmian Pronunciation ... Reading the Bible in Greek with Maria 285 views. Purchase instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access): In 1635 the Dutch scholar Gerardus Vossius (1577–1649) published a work on the Art of Grammar where he makes reference to the circumstances in which Erasmus wrote his Dialogue on the Correct Way of Pronouncing Latin and Greek (1528). The system employed in most contemporary college and seminary classes (known as the Erasmian pronunciation) dates from the sixteenth century and sounds vastly different from the language of Jesus and Paul, argues Zachariou, a native Greek and retired Greek professor. which, among other things, offers a rolling critique of Allen’s work). Anastasios-Fivos Christidis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 1266–1279 esp. This is usually selected for its pedagogical value, not for historical purposes. Greek teachers find themselves in a difficult predicament in regard to the pronunciation of Greek. Gennadius provides good reasons for suspecting Erasmus’ proficiency in Greek, but his assessment of Erasmus’ motivation is pure speculation, and fails to mention the dedicatory letter to Maximilian of Burgundy in which Erasmus gives the reason for the form of the Dialogue: “Since the material is not in itself particularly entertaining, involving as it does some fine argument on points of detail, I have tried to dress it up in more alluring and attractive garb by treating it in the form of a dialogue, varying the argument from time to time with passages to relieve or overcome the tedium of reading” (CWE 26:365). The letters in the Greek alphabet presented below are used for printed Ancient Greek texts. Vossius quotes an account from 1569 which explains how Erasmus fell foul of a practical joke by which he was fooled into thinking that a new and more correct pronunciation of Greek had been discovered, and, wanting to appear the inventor of the matter, Erasmus quickly composed and published his Dialogue, only to discover later that the whole story was in fact a hoax. J. Gennadius, “Erasmus and the Pronunciation of Greek” The Nineteenth Century 39.227 (1896): 88. Burton A. Milligan, John R. Frey, and Philip Kolb (Urbana/Chicago/London; University of Illinois Press, 1969), 56). This is the pronunciation used here, and is probably based on the pronunciation used by a Renaissance scholar named Erasmus, who was the main force behind the first printed copies of the Greek New Testament. Only the pronunciation of the classical Attic dialect of the 5th century BC , including its later development towards Koine Greek, is … – assuming that it is changed to accommodate the correct vowel quantities and tonal pitches used back then. Gennadius, “Erasmus” 91–96. Aristarchus, sive De Arte Grammatica Libri Septum. Chrys C. Caragounis, “The Error of Erasmus and Un-Greek Pronunciations of Greek” Filología Neotestamentaria 8 (1995): 151–185. To the extent that the Erasmian pronunciation can be defended at all, it can only be defended as a method for teaching Ancient Greek (@ 500-400 B.C.E.) 32, n. 1 (following the lead of Gennadius, “Erasmus” 87–97). following Spanish phonotactics, voiced plosives β, γ, δ are pronounced in most contexts as voiced fricatives ([β], [ɣ], [ð]), only in certain contexts as plosives ([b], [g], [d]); the aspirates θ, φ, χ are pronounced as voiceless fricatives ([θ], [f], [x]); following Spanish phonotactics, the double consonants ζ, ξ, ψ are difficult to differentiate in pronunciation by many students of Ancient Greek, although ξ is usually effectively rendered as [ks]; initial ῥ- is pronounced as double -ρρ- ([r]); consonant length is ignored altogether (e. g. -λλ- and -ππ- are simply pronounced as -λ- and -π-); both vocalic quantity and vowel openness are ignored altogether: thus, no effort is made to distinguish vocalic pairs such as ε : η and ο : ω; the vowel υ, although taught as [y] (absent in the Spanish phonological system), is mostly pronounced as [i]; graphic diphthongs are always pronounced according to their face value (which leads to the confusion of “true” and “fake” diphthongs), except the diphthong ου, usually pronounced [u] (or sometimes, according to face value, [ou]); iota subscript is ignored altogether: ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ are simply pronounced [a], [e], [o]; due to Spanish phonology, the spiritus asper is mostly pronounced as [x], although, following the pronunciation of English, some effort is made to pronounce it as [h]; no difference is made in pronunciation between the acute (grave) and circumflex accents. E.g. Our team has identified the lemma form of every word in the Greek New Testament and recorded audio pronunciations for each one. On one hand they have the option of teaching modern pronunciation (Demotic), and on the other, Erasmian. Ingram Bywater, The Erasmian Pronunciation of Greek and its Precursors—Jerome Aleander, Aldus Manutius, Antonio of Lebrixa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1908). CWE 26:354–355). THE ERASMIAN PRONUNCIATION OF ANCIENT GREEK 325 began to influence the practice of pronunciation in the schools of England, France, Germany, and elsewhere.7 Undoubtedly it has been the single greatest influence on the tradition of Classical pronunciation, : The Latin text is also available in Carolus Foertsch (ed. From Koine Greek Ἔρασμος (Érasmos) from Ancient Greek ἐράσμιος (erásmios, “lovely, pleasant, beloved, desired”). Gennadius provides good reasons for suspecting Erasmus’ proficiency in Greek, but his assessment of Erasmus’ motivation is pure speculation, and fails to mention the dedicatory letter to Maximilian of Burgundy in which Erasmus gives the reason for the form of the, : “Since the material is not in itself particularly entertaining, involving as it does some fine argument on points of detail, I have tried to dress it up in more alluring and attractive garb by treating it in the form of a dialogue, varying the argument from time to time with passages to relieve or overcome the tedium of reading” (, The Erasmian Pronunciation of Greek and its Precursors—Jerome Aleander, Aldus Manutius, Antonio of Lebrixa, be some substance to the story reported by Vossius which, unlike its customary positive reception, at least implies some measure of scepticism towards the report (see John J. Bateman, “The Development of Erasmus’ Views on the Correct Pronunciation of Latin and Greek” in. The pronunciation that is used at The Polis Institute is a more conservative one, quite close to the one that Erasmus reconstructed for Classical Greek (the so called Erasmian pronunciation), that of the cultural elite from the beginning of Koine Greek, save for the consonants φ( θ and χ. The pronunciation of Greek has many conventions. The pronunciation that is used at The Polis Institute is a more conservative one, quite close to the one that Erasmus reconstructed for Classical Greek (the so called Erasmian pronunciation), that of the cultural elite from the beginning of Koine Greek, save for the consonants φ( θ and χ. This Greek pronunciation guide contains a brief history of the sounds of ancient, biblical (Koine), Erasmian, and modern Greek pronunciation and a comparative Greek pronunciation chart with audio files for the major conventions. One is a form of what is called Erasmian pronunciation. This account of the origins of Erasmus’ Dialogue has largely been taken at face value by those concerned, but I argue that it is a most unlikely explanation with several serious flaws. For non-native Greek speakers learning ancient Greek, a restored Koine pronunciation is ideal (it is more similar to Modern Greek than an "academic" pronunciation so it is still like the real living language today) and it most accurately reflects the phonemic contrasts of the ancient … … Bywater, Erasmian, 9; Dillon, “Erasmian” 325. Recently, the third way of pronunciation appeared and is becoming very popular: the reconstructed model. Learning Ancient Greek for … Ibid., 53. E.g. Gerardi Ioannis Vossii, Aristarchus, sive De Arte Grammatica Libri Septum (Amsterdam: I. Blaev, 1635; Second Edition, 1662), 1:28, 106–107 (cited by Caragounis, Development, 342 n. 7). The primary difference between the two is in the pronunciation of vowels, but a few consonants differ as well. https://doi.org/10.1163/18749275-03701004. The earliest Greek texts that have survived were written with a radically different script called Linear B.. For a detailed and wonderfully well argued discussion of the origins of the Greek alphabet, see Roger D. Woodard’s book, Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer. , 342 n. 7). Faulkner, Erasmus, 234; cf. Allen’s Vox Graeca, for example, is typically treated as the definitive guide to ancient Attic pronunciation, although, like Erasmus’ reconstruction, it is far from certain (see Zachariou’s Reading and Pronouncing Biblical Greek which, among other things, offers a rolling critique of Allen’s work). Erasmian vs. Modern pronunciation? disputed letters is as follows (the Greek pronunciation is indicated only approximately: as in all other languages the sound quality can be learned only from native speakers): Letters Greek pronunciation Erasmian pronunciation = v = b = gh (as Eng. John Pickering, An Essay on the Pronunciation of the Greek Language (Cambridge: Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1818), 21–22. Letters Greek pronunciation Erasmian pronunciation b = v = b g = gh (as Eng. “The Error of Erasmus and Un-Greek Pronunciations of Greek”, The article is reprinted and expanded in his monograph on, , 341. (2015): “In 1528, the humanist scholar and monk, Desiderius Erasmus, falling prey to a practical joke by a Swiss monk Henricus Glareanus, wrote a treatise on the ‘correct’ pronunciation of Hellenic (and Latin) in which he advocated pronouncing Hellenic in a Latinized way”. Erasmian - a common system based on Erasmius' understanding of historical Greek pronunciation Restored Koine - a linguistically-informed attempt to represent the language around the time of … Bywater, Erasmian, 9; M. Félix Nève, Mémoire historique et littéraire sur le Collège des trois-langues à l’ Université de Louvain (Bruxelles: Académie royale de Belgique, 1856), 202–207. Gennadius argues that Erasmus was utterly unqualified to comment on the matter, but wanting to play the scholar and appear the inventor of the matter, he wrote it up as a fable so that, if it proved reliable, he could take the credit, but if it proved fallacious, he could claim that it was nothing more than a literary squib. "thin") = t x = ch (as ch in Germ. and 300 A.D. Usually, there are two main schools of pronunciation: Erasmian vs Modern. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 143. Here are the main ways that Greek is pronounced: Erasmian pronunciation. άλλα γὰρ ἐλπὶς ἔφη κακά, "Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Pronunciation of Ancient Greek as learned at German schools, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching&oldid=971486650, Articles with French-language sources (fr), All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles needing additional references from April 2011, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. As in most European countries, Ancient Greek is most usually, if not always, taught in the Erasmian pronunciation. On the contrary, I argue that the Dialogue was intended as a sincere popularization of an ongoing academic inquiry, but that the hypothetical Greek pronunciation therein has been misunderstood as a cue to replace the traditional (native) pronunciation. "then") = d z = z (as z in Eng. Koine Greek is the Greek language used between 300 B.C. Émile Egger, L’ Hellénisme en France: leçons sur l’ influence des études grecques dans le développement de la langue et de la littérature françaises (Paris: Burt Franklin, 1869), 452; John A. Faulkner, Erasmus: The Scholar (New York: Eaton and Mains, 1907), 234; W. Sidney Allen, Vox Graeca: The Pronunciation of Classical Greek, 3rd Ed. The Erasmian system possesses great heuristic value for the new Greek student. This page was last edited on 6 August 2020, at 12:49. See Evangelos B. Petrounias, “The Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in Modern Times” in A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, ed. Several proposals have been made. Ibid., 54–55. 10:02. The Practice of Erasmus: How Did Erasmus Pronounce Greek? On the other hand, there are those who prefer to speak of a “reformed” pronunciation of ancient (usually Attic) Greek, and who find themselves much closer to the aims of Erasmus. "yet" with and without the i … "ich" and in Scot. Bateman, “Development” 46–65; see also Petrounias, “Pronunciation” 1266–1269. Erasmus is indirectly responsible for the current pronunciation of ancient Greek, for the Byzantine scholars pronounced ancient and modern alike.
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